Wave Walker DSP

DSP Algorithms for RF Systems

New Book!

Now for sale: The third edition of DSP for Beginners: Simple Explanations for Complex Numbers! Includes a new chapter on sampling.

Phase relationship between sine and cosine

Easy Guide to Logarithms and Decibels

July 20, 2022

Introduction

Logarithms are confusing! This blog explains what logarithms are, how they are used, and gives two easy equations to convert between decibels and linear units.

Check out these other blogs on DSP math:

What's a Base?

A number can be represented by a base raised to an exponent. For example, the number 100 can be written as

(1) $\begin{equation*}100 = 10^2.\end{equation*}$

The number 10 is the base and the exponent is 2. Here are more examples:

(2) $\begin{equation*}1000 = 10^3,\end{equation*}$

(3) $\begin{equation*}\pi \approx 10^{0.49715}.\end{equation*}$

The base can be changed to other numbers. For example, base 2:

(4) $\begin{equation*}16 = 2^4,\end{equation*}$

(5) $\begin{equation*}6.7 \approx 2^{2.7442}.\end{equation*}$

The base can also be Euler’s number e,

(6) $\begin{equation*}10 \approx e^{2.3026},\end{equation*}$

(7) $\begin{equation*}45.1 \approx e^{3.8089}.\end{equation*}$

Why Logarithms?

The base of a logarithm is written as a subscript. For example, a base 10 logarithm is written as $\text{log}_{10}\left( \cdot \right)$ , a base 2 logarithm is written as $\text{log}_{2}\left( \cdot \right)$ , and a natural logarithm may be written as $\text{log}_{e}\left( \cdot \right)$ or $\text{log}\left( \cdot \right)$ .

Logarithms are used to represent numbers by their exponent. Logarithms act as if a number is represented by a base raised to an exponent, and then they calculate that exponent.

From (1), (2), (5) and (7),

(8) $\begin{equation*}\text{log}_{10}\left( 100 \right) = \text{log}_{10}\left( 10^2 \right) = 2,\end{equation*}$

(9) $\begin{equation*}\text{log}_{10}\left( 1000 \right) = \text{log}_{10}\left( 10^3 \right) = 3,\end{equation*}$

(10) $\begin{equation*}\text{log}_{2}\left( 6.7 \right) = \text{log}_{2}\left( 2^{2.7442} \right) = 2.7442,\end{equation*}$

(11) $\begin{equation*}\text{log}_{e}\left( 45.1 \right) = \text{log}_{e}\left( e^{3.8089} \right) = 3.8089.\end{equation*}$

Linear to Decibels

Engineers commonly use $10\text{log}_{10} (\cdot)$ to transform linear numbers into units of decibels,

(12) $\begin{equation*}x_{dB} = 10\text{log}_{10}( x )\end{equation*}$

which can then be transformed back into linear units through

(13) $\begin{equation*}x = 10^{x_{dB}/10}.\end{equation*}$

Here are some examples using (12) and (13).

Example 1:

(14) $\begin{equation*}10\text{log}_{10}\left( 10 \right) = 10,\end{equation*}$

(15) $\begin{equation*}10^{10/10} = 10.\end{equation*}$

Example 2:

(16) $\begin{equation*}10\text{log}_{10}\left( 100 \right) = 20,\end{equation*}$

(17) $\begin{equation*}10^{20/10} = 10^{2} = 100.\end{equation*}$

Example 3:

(18) $\begin{equation*}10\text{log}_{10}\left( 0.5 \right) = -3.01,\end{equation*}$

(19) $\begin{equation*}10^{-3.01/10} = 10^{-0.301} \approx 0.5.\end{equation*}$

Example 4:

(20) $\begin{equation*}10\text{log}_{10}\left( 2\pi \right) = 7.9818,\end{equation*}$

(21) $\begin{equation*}10^{7.8918/10} = 10^{0.79818} \approx 2 \pi.\end{equation*}$

Conclusion

Numbers can be represented by a base number raised to an exponent. Logarithms are useful in representing the exponents of base numbers. Engineers use 10log10() to convert linear units into decibels.